Wish Happy Birthday in Different Languages other than your own
How to Wish Happy Birthday in Different Languages
Chinese-Cantonese: Sun Yat Fai Lok!
Chinese-Mandarin: qu ni sheng er kuai le
Croatian: Sretan Rodendan!
Czech: Vsechno nejlepsi k Tvym narozeninam!!
Danish: Tillykke med fodselsdagen!
Dutch: Hartelijk gefeliciteerd! or Van harte gefeliciteerd met je verjaardag!
Esperanto: Felichan Naskightagon!
Farsi: Tavalodet Mobarak!
Finnish: Hyvaa syntymapaivaa!
French (Canada): Bonne Fete!
French: Joyeux Anniversaire!
German: Alles Gute zum Geburtstag!
Greek: Eytyxismena Genethlia! or Chronia Pola!
Hawaiian: Hau`oli la hanau!
Hebrew: Yom Huledet Same'ach!
Hungarian: Boldog szuletesnapot! or Isten eltessen!
Italian: Buon Compleanno!
Japanese: Otanjou-bi Omedetou Gozaimasu!
Russian: S dniom razhdjenia! or Pazdravliayu s dniom razhdjenia!
Spanish: Feliz Cumpleaños!
Swedish: Grattis på födelsedagen
Taiwanese: San leaz quiet lo!
Thai: Suk San Wan Keut!
Ukrainian: Mnohiya lita! or Z dnem narodjennia!
Gunmen believed to be members of the radical Islamist group Boko Haram Attack Nigerian Police Statio
Gunmen believed to be members of the radical Islamist group Boko Haram opened fire on a police station in Nigeria's Kano state, triggering a gun battle.
Witnesses say the gunmen arrived on motorcycles Friday evening and began shooting and police returned fire.
Police have not confirmed any injuries or deaths.
In the past week, Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for 185 deaths in Kano, Nigeria's second largest city.
The leader of the Nigeria's radical Islamic sect Boko Haram has challenged the president's vow to crush the group in an audio message posted on the Internet.
The message posted on YouTube shows a still image of Imam Abubakar Shekau flanked by Kalashnikov rifles.
In the message, he says President Goodluck Jonathan will learn he cannot defeat Boko Haram, and he warned the militant group will strike again.
President Jonathan has been under increasing pressure to bring an end to the escalating attacks, most of which have been carried out across the predominantly Muslim north. Christians dominate the south.
Mr. Jonathan has declared a state of emergency in parts of the north and this week he pressured the police chief and his deputies to retire.
Human Rights Watch this week blamed Boko Haram for more than 900 deaths since 2009.
Boko Haram has said it is fighting to implement a strict interpretation of Sharia law across Nigeria, Africa's most populous country.
The ongoing violence has raised concerns that Nigeria, which is also Africa's biggest oil producer, is sliding toward civil war.
Witnesses say the gunmen arrived on motorcycles Friday evening and began shooting and police returned fire.
Police have not confirmed any injuries or deaths.
In the past week, Boko Haram has claimed responsibility for 185 deaths in Kano, Nigeria's second largest city.
The leader of the Nigeria's radical Islamic sect Boko Haram has challenged the president's vow to crush the group in an audio message posted on the Internet.
The message posted on YouTube shows a still image of Imam Abubakar Shekau flanked by Kalashnikov rifles.
In the message, he says President Goodluck Jonathan will learn he cannot defeat Boko Haram, and he warned the militant group will strike again.
President Jonathan has been under increasing pressure to bring an end to the escalating attacks, most of which have been carried out across the predominantly Muslim north. Christians dominate the south.
Mr. Jonathan has declared a state of emergency in parts of the north and this week he pressured the police chief and his deputies to retire.
Human Rights Watch this week blamed Boko Haram for more than 900 deaths since 2009.
Boko Haram has said it is fighting to implement a strict interpretation of Sharia law across Nigeria, Africa's most populous country.
The ongoing violence has raised concerns that Nigeria, which is also Africa's biggest oil producer, is sliding toward civil war.
Some information for this report was provided by AFP and Reuters.
Source"VOA NEWS
Wealthy CEOs Want Tax Breaks, Cuts to Poor and Elderly
Wealthy CEOs Want Tax Breaks, Cuts to Poor and Elderly
"The corporate CEOs who have made a high-profile foray into deficit negotiations have themselves been substantially responsible for the size of the deficit they now want closed. The companies represented by executives working with the Campaign To Fix The Debt have received trillions in federal war contracts, subsidies and bailouts, as well as specialized tax breaks and loopholes that virtually eliminate the companies' tax bills. The CEOs are part of a campaign run by the Peter Peterson-backed Center for a Responsible Federal Budget, which plans to spend at least million pushing for a deficit reduction deal in the lame-duck session and beyond. During the past few days, CEOs belonging to what the campaign calls its CEO Fiscal Leadership Council -- most visibly, Goldman Sachs' Lloyd Blankfein and Honeywell's David Cote -- have barnstormed the media, making the case that the only way to cut the deficit is to severely scale back social safety-net programs -- Medicare, Medicaid, and Social Security -- which would disproportionately impact the poor and the elderly."* Who actually runs the GOP, who is not paying taxes, and who is asking for big breaks and bailouts? In short, Goldman Sachs' Lloyd Blankfein, Honeywell's David Cote, and other very wealthy corporatists. Cenk Uygur explains the corporate ideologies, priorities, and demands. *Read more from Christina Wilkie and Ryan Grim/ Huffington Post: www.huffingtonpost.com *Watch the CBS interview with Lloyd Blankfein: www ...
Loopholes of the Rich: How the Rich Legally Make More Money and Pay Less Tax
Loopholes of the Rich helps Americans from all walks of life use the same tax loopholes that the wealthy use to lower their tax bill. With this handy guide, you won?t need an accountant to find quick and easy ways to pay less. And there?s nothing unethical about these tax loopholes. In fact, the government wants you to take advantage of them! These tax-reducing tactics and strategies can give you the freedom to save for your family?s future or for your own financial independence. Plus, you?ll find a handy checklist of more than 300 business deductions, real-life tax strategy examples, useful sample forms, explanations of IRS codes and rules, and much more.
Loopholes of the Rich: How the Rich Legally Make More Money and Pay Less Tax
- ISBN13: 9780471711780
- Condition: New
- Notes: BRAND NEW FROM PUBLISHER! 100% Satisfaction Guarantee. Tracking provided on most orders. Buy with Confidence! Millions of books sold!
List Price: $ 24.95
Price: $ 10.95
Obama Giving in to Boehner's Tax Plan? Democrats Refuse
"Just two weeks from an economy-threatening deadline, fiscal cliff talks hit a lull Tuesday as House Speaker John Boehner announced that Republicans would also march ahead with their own tax plan on a separate track from the one he's been pursuing with President Barack Obama. The White House and leading congressional Democrats immediately rejected Boehner's "Plan B," which would extend soon-to-expire Bush-era tax cuts for everyone making less than million but would not address huge across-the-board spending cuts that are set to strike the Pentagon and domestic programs next year."* As Boehner moves forward with his "Plan B" on fiscal cliff negotiations, it looks more and more like Obama will give in to him, with taxes on people making 0000 yearly, social security, and more on the table. Democrats say this is a dealbreaker; will Obama give in? Ben Mankiewicz (Host, Turner Classic Movies), Jimmy Dore (The Jimmy Dore Show on TYT Comedy) and Michael Shure (Political Correspondent, TYT on Current) discuss where the fiscal cliff negotiations are now and what they mean. *Read more from AP via Washington Post: www.washingtonpost.com
"Just two weeks from an economy-threatening deadline, fiscal cliff talks hit a lull Tuesday as House Speaker John Boehner announced that Republicans would also march ahead with their own tax plan on a separate track from the one he's been pursuing with President Barack Obama. The White House and leading congressional Democrats immediately rejected Boehner's "Plan B," which would extend soon-to-expire Bush-era tax cuts for everyone making less than million but would not address huge across-the-board spending cuts that are set to strike the Pentagon and domestic programs next year."* As Boehner moves forward with his "Plan B" on fiscal cliff negotiations, it looks more and more like Obama will give in to him, with taxes on people making 0000 yearly, social security, and more on the table. Democrats say this is a dealbreaker; will Obama give in? Ben Mankiewicz (Host, Turner Classic Movies), Jimmy Dore (The Jimmy Dore Show on TYT Comedy) and Michael Shure (Political Correspondent, TYT on Current) discuss where the fiscal cliff negotiations are now and what they mean. *Read more from AP via Washington Post: www.washingtonpost.com
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Find More Taxes Articles
Top personal finance trends to watch out for in 2013
Top personal finance trends to watch out for in 2013
Salve Duplito, one of the hosts of ANC's On The Money, lists the top personal finance trends to watch out for in 2013.
Salve Duplito, one of the hosts of ANC's On The Money, lists the top personal finance trends to watch out for in 2013.
Video Rating: 0 / 5
Personal Finance
Kapoor/Dlabay/Hughes’ Personal Finance is the #1 market-leading Personal Finance text. It provides comprehensive coverage of personal financial planning in the areas of money management, career planning, taxes, consumer credit, housing and other consumer decisions, legal protection, insurance, investments, retirement planning, and estate planning. The goal of this text is to teach students the fundamentals of financial planning so they can make informed choices related to spending, saving, borrowing, and investing that lead to long-term financial security. Personal Finance, Ninth Edition provides many financial planning tools using a step-by-step approach to help students identify and evaluate choices as well as understand the conseque
Personal Finance
List Price: $ 21.09
Price: $ 21.09
More Personal Finance Articles
BestCredit: How to Win the Credit Game, 2nd Edition
BestCredit: How to Win the Credit Game, 2nd Edition
Written by a former debt collector, this credit repair book covers many aspects of credit restoration, including how to legally remove any adverse credit from a consumer credit report, how to negotiate debt, how to prevent and recover from identity theft, the secrets to raising a credit score, and more. Remove judgments, liens, late payments, bankruptcies, collection accounts, inquiries, charge-offs, repossessions, and foreclosures. Learn how to negotiate like a pro, reducing credit card and other unsecured debt to a fraction of what you owe!
List Price: $ 32.00
Price: $ 15.00
More Credit Products
Written by a former debt collector, this credit repair book covers many aspects of credit restoration, including how to legally remove any adverse credit from a consumer credit report, how to negotiate debt, how to prevent and recover from identity theft, the secrets to raising a credit score, and more. Remove judgments, liens, late payments, bankruptcies, collection accounts, inquiries, charge-offs, repossessions, and foreclosures. Learn how to negotiate like a pro, reducing credit card and other unsecured debt to a fraction of what you owe!
BestCredit: How to Win the Credit Game, 2nd Edition
List Price: $ 32.00
Price: $ 15.00
More Credit Products
Why The Rich Pay Lower Taxes
Why The Rich Pay Lower Taxes
In which Hank takes on some fascinatingly boring stuff about the US tax code, what sorts of incomes there are, how tax brackets work, and why rich people pay a substantially lower tax rate than most people in America. And then he makes some value judgements and expresses some opinions which are not necessarily the opinions of his brother, and are obviously the opinions of a guy who is not an economist. But really? It just doesn't seem fair. HERE ARE A LOT OF LINKS TO NERDFIGHTASTIC THINGS: Shirts and Stuff: dftba.com Hank's Music: dftba.com John's Books: amzn.to ====================== Hank's Twitter: www.twitter.com Hank's Facebook: www.facebook.com Hank's tumblr: edwardspoonhands.tumblr.com John's Twitter www.twitter.com John's Facebook: www.facebook.com John's tumblr: fishingboatproceeds.tumblr.com ====================== Other Channels Crash Course www.youtube.com SciShow: www.youtube.com Gaming: www.youtube.com VidCon: www.youtube.com Hank's Channel: www.youtube.com Truth or Fail: www.youtube.com ====================== Nerdfighteria effyeahnerdfighters.com effyeahnerdfighters.com reddit.com nerdfighteria.info A Bunny (\(\ ( - -) ((') (')
In which Hank takes on some fascinatingly boring stuff about the US tax code, what sorts of incomes there are, how tax brackets work, and why rich people pay a substantially lower tax rate than most people in America. And then he makes some value judgements and expresses some opinions which are not necessarily the opinions of his brother, and are obviously the opinions of a guy who is not an economist. But really? It just doesn't seem fair. HERE ARE A LOT OF LINKS TO NERDFIGHTASTIC THINGS: Shirts and Stuff: dftba.com Hank's Music: dftba.com John's Books: amzn.to ====================== Hank's Twitter: www.twitter.com Hank's Facebook: www.facebook.com Hank's tumblr: edwardspoonhands.tumblr.com John's Twitter www.twitter.com John's Facebook: www.facebook.com John's tumblr: fishingboatproceeds.tumblr.com ====================== Other Channels Crash Course www.youtube.com SciShow: www.youtube.com Gaming: www.youtube.com VidCon: www.youtube.com Hank's Channel: www.youtube.com Truth or Fail: www.youtube.com ====================== Nerdfighteria effyeahnerdfighters.com effyeahnerdfighters.com reddit.com nerdfighteria.info A Bunny (\(\ ( - -) ((') (')
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Japan's Handsome Tax?!
Japanese economist has proposed taxing handsome males as a solution to the country's low birthrate. For more on this story: dft.ba Go to SourceFed.com for our 5 daily videos or anything else we've ever done. youtube.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Follow us on Tumblr: sourcefed.tumblr.com Like us on Facebook: on.fb.me Philly D OFFICIAL APP for instant updates: bit.ly Order your SourceFed Posters here: bit.ly Hosts: @elliottcmorgan @leenewtonsays Music: @ronaldjenkees @Hagemeister
Japanese economist has proposed taxing handsome males as a solution to the country's low birthrate. For more on this story: dft.ba Go to SourceFed.com for our 5 daily videos or anything else we've ever done. youtube.com Follow us on Twitter: twitter.com Follow us on Tumblr: sourcefed.tumblr.com Like us on Facebook: on.fb.me Philly D OFFICIAL APP for instant updates: bit.ly Order your SourceFed Posters here: bit.ly Hosts: @elliottcmorgan @leenewtonsays Music: @ronaldjenkees @Hagemeister
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Taxes Made Simple: Income Taxes Explained in 100 Pages or Less
Find all of the following, explained in plain-English with no legal jargon:
The difference between deductions, exemptions, and creditsItemized deductions vs. the standard deductionSeveral money-saving deductions and credits and how to make sure you qualify for themHow to calculate your refundHow to know which tax forms to fill outState income taxesAlternative Minimum Tax (AMT)Capital Gains and Losses
Taxes Made Simple: Income Taxes Explained in 100 Pages or Less
List Price: $ 4.99
Price: $ 4.99
Tea, Taxes, and The American Revolution: Crash Course World History #28
The Crash Course Poster, number 1 of 3 in the beautiful, awesome poster series is available here: dftba.com While you're there, why not pick up a Mongols t-shirt? In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, which it turns out were two different things. John goes over the issues and events that precipitated rebellion in Britain's American colonies, and he also explores the ideas that laid the groundwork for the new American democracy. Find out how the tax bill from the Seven Years War fomented an uprising, how the Enlightenment influenced the Founding Fathers, and who were the winners and losers in this conflict.(hint: many of the people living in the Colonies ended up losers) The Revolution purportedly brought freedom and equality to the Thirteen Colonies, but they weren't equally distributed. Also, you'll learn about America's love affair with commemorative ceramics and what happens when rich white guys take the reins from reins white guys, and put together a society of, by, and for rich white guys. Follow us! @thecrashcourse @realjohngreen @raoulmeyer @crashcoursestan @saysdanica @thoughtbubbler Like us! www.facebook.com Follow us again! thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
The Crash Course Poster, number 1 of 3 in the beautiful, awesome poster series is available here: dftba.com While you're there, why not pick up a Mongols t-shirt? In which John Green teaches you about the American Revolution and the American Revolutionary War, which it turns out were two different things. John goes over the issues and events that precipitated rebellion in Britain's American colonies, and he also explores the ideas that laid the groundwork for the new American democracy. Find out how the tax bill from the Seven Years War fomented an uprising, how the Enlightenment influenced the Founding Fathers, and who were the winners and losers in this conflict.(hint: many of the people living in the Colonies ended up losers) The Revolution purportedly brought freedom and equality to the Thirteen Colonies, but they weren't equally distributed. Also, you'll learn about America's love affair with commemorative ceramics and what happens when rich white guys take the reins from reins white guys, and put together a society of, by, and for rich white guys. Follow us! @thecrashcourse @realjohngreen @raoulmeyer @crashcoursestan @saysdanica @thoughtbubbler Like us! www.facebook.com Follow us again! thecrashcourse.tumblr.com
Video Rating: 4 / 5
Will Obama Offer Massive Corporate Tax Cuts to Make "Fiscal Cliff" Deal?
Will Obama Offer Massive Corporate Tax Cuts to Make "Fiscal Cliff" Deal?
James S. Henry: Territorial tax being considered that would make offshore revenue tax free
James S. Henry: Territorial tax being considered that would make offshore revenue tax free
President Obama Makes a Statement on Averting Tax Hikes for Middle Class Families
The President tells the press that leaders in Congress may be able to reach an agreement that can pass both houses in time.
The President tells the press that leaders in Congress may be able to reach an agreement that can pass both houses in time.
Tax-Free Wealth: How to Build Massive Wealth by Permanently Lowering Your Taxes (Rich Dad Advisors)
Tax-Free Wealth is about tax planning concepts. It’s about how to use your country’s tax laws to your benefit. In this book, Tom Wheelwright will tell you how the tax laws work. And how they are designed to reduce your taxes, not to increase your taxes. Once you understand this basic principle, you no longer need to be afraid of the tax laws. They are there to help you and your business—not to hinder you.
Once you understand the basic principles of tax reduction, you can begin, immediately, reducing your taxes. Eventually, you may even be able to legally eliminate your income taxes and drastically reduce your other taxes. Once you do that, you can live a life of Tax-Free Wealth.
Tax-Free Wealth: How to Build Massive Wealth by Permanently Lowering Your Taxes (Rich Dad Advisors)
List Price: $ 18.95
Price: $ 10.00
More Taxes Articles
What Your CPA Isn't Telling You: Life-changing Tax Strategies
What Your CPA Isn't Telling You: Life-changing Tax Strategies
This is a powerful story woven around one theme—TAX PLANNING CAN CHANGE YOUR LIFE Tackling the fundamental question asked by all taxpayers – How can I save on taxes? — attorney and CPA Mark J. Kohler empowers you to dismiss standard CPA viewpoints like your tax payment is what it is and you just make too much money. Simplified through the mastery of storytelling, Kohler invites you to immerse yourself in the compelling tale of a typical family’s tax awakening. Through their journey, you’ll discover critical, but underutilized tax strategies to achieve huge tax savings, greater wealth, and, ultimately, a winning pursuit of the American Dream. “Mark brought tax planning to life in a story line we can all r
List Price: $ 19.95
Price: $ 12.46
[wprebay kw="taxes" num="0" ebcat="-1"]
Related Taxes Products
This is a powerful story woven around one theme—TAX PLANNING CAN CHANGE YOUR LIFE Tackling the fundamental question asked by all taxpayers – How can I save on taxes? — attorney and CPA Mark J. Kohler empowers you to dismiss standard CPA viewpoints like your tax payment is what it is and you just make too much money. Simplified through the mastery of storytelling, Kohler invites you to immerse yourself in the compelling tale of a typical family’s tax awakening. Through their journey, you’ll discover critical, but underutilized tax strategies to achieve huge tax savings, greater wealth, and, ultimately, a winning pursuit of the American Dream. “Mark brought tax planning to life in a story line we can all r
What Your CPA Isn't Telling You: Life-changing Tax Strategies
List Price: $ 19.95
Price: $ 12.46
[wprebay kw="taxes" num="0" ebcat="-1"]
Related Taxes Products
WHAT IS ONE DIRECTION
WHAT IS ONE DIRECTION
Teaching two monkeys about One Direction. - Follow Caspar on Twitter: twitter.com - Follow Caspar on Facebook: facebook.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HOW TO FIND CASPAR: YouTube: youtube.com Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: fb.com Tumblr: CasparLee.tumblr.com Instagram instagram.com Pheed: pheed.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IF YOU READ THIS COMMENT BELOW SAYING: "If enough of us share this cute/funny video on Twitter, one of the boys may see it!" (Remember to vote up other people who write this!) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x
Teaching two monkeys about One Direction. - Follow Caspar on Twitter: twitter.com - Follow Caspar on Facebook: facebook.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ HOW TO FIND CASPAR: YouTube: youtube.com Twitter: twitter.com Facebook: fb.com Tumblr: CasparLee.tumblr.com Instagram instagram.com Pheed: pheed.com ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ IF YOU READ THIS COMMENT BELOW SAYING: "If enough of us share this cute/funny video on Twitter, one of the boys may see it!" (Remember to vote up other people who write this!) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ x
Video Rating: 4 / 5
10 Credit Repair Tips
These 10 tips can change your life! If you're looking for where to start, or how to start repairing your bad credit, this is the resource for you. A short and sweet guide to getting your credit cleaned up, establishing new credit, and staying on track. Oh, and its free!
10 Credit Repair Tips
List Price: $ 2.99
Price: $ 2.99
The Importance of Games and Recreation in Education
The Importance of Games in the early grades
THE IMPORTANCE OF GAME SERIES IN EARLY INTRODUCTION
The preparation of this work is to acquire new knowledge on how to work the early learning games in the series. The main objective is to introduce teachers, and who might be interested in the main concepts, theories and practices of human development through games. In the first chapter we seek the history of Olympic Games, its changes, goals and competitions where "Pierre de Coubertin" insists that sport and physical activity plays an essential role in forming the character of human beings. In the second chapter will talk about how much educational games may contribute to an inherent human activity and approach the game as a source of improvement in the participation of students in classrooms. show the importance of living together in groups where the students will share their prior knowledge and experience gained from other classmates. The third chapter shows how the play is important for the child and what is most profitable for educators to teach in playing because it is essential for us to redeem the work and play traditional games, we can also observe the reactions of the student experience or represent a new game of your role in building a new toy or a joke. Although this chapter we will discuss the role of teacher versus student development. In the fourth chapter will comment on the influence and importance of games has been included discipline, "games and recreations" in school curricula. Also commenting on how the game is important for the acquisition of motor skills and socialization of the individual to the social group in which he lives. We will also introduce some models of games who worked in the classroom will yield great results in teaching and learning of our students. See attachment. We hope to be contributing to a practice in which the understanding, and respect outweigh the conventional standards and that the degree of knowledge is an ongoing and active in human life. 1. The origin of the Games. The Olympic Games concluded in 04 to 04 years at Olympia in Elis, were opened in the spring of 1896, were played in honor of Jupiter and was the undisputed status, and splendor reached Physical Education in Greece old, this meant that each seek to be a Greek athlete, and therefore a hero, a demigod, in order to improve your physique. These games have emerged largely through the efforts of sportsman and French educator Baron Pierre de Coubertin educator and historian also was the beginning of the modern games. Plans for the achievement of the modern games began in 1894 with the founding of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) with headquarters in the Swiss city of Lauseane, and received help from sports organizations and individuals from various European countries. Today has recognized 186 national Olympic committees. The committee reported the competing principles and chose Athens (Greece) to host the first Olympics of the modern era, this seat is usually chosen by the IOC to six years in advance. 1.1 CHANGES IN THE COMPETITION. Since the first modern Olympiad cycle, the number of female participants and the number of sports and events open to increased competition is excluding the competitive sports of the Olympic Games, the number of sports included in the last Olympics was 25, in addition, were added Display other sports such as ice hockey, taekwondo, the Basque pelota, beach volleyball and softball for women. Of the Olympic Games in antiquity the most famous were those concluded in the summer every four years. (Period called the Olympics) is in Olympia to honor Zeus. At that time could only compete honorable men of Greek descent. Converted into a celebration with various events: foot races, wrestling, boxing, horse racing and pancratiun pentathlon. The winner received olive wreaths and bestowed fame to their cities of origin. Reached its maximum popularity in the fifth and fourth centuries BC to 394 AD, Theodosius I, the great suspended them. 1.2 THE GAMES IN GREECE AND ROME. competitions and other public spectacles were a feature of religious and social life. In Greece the four cycles were the main Olympic Games, the shuttle is the nemeus. In the Greek games, the people participated frequently and main event was the competition among athletes. In the Roman games, on the other hand the people were mere spectator, usually only professional athletes participating , slaves and prisoners, there were fights to the death between gladiators and wild beasts were used. 1.3 Classical Antiquity. Olympia, a religious sanctuary of pre-Hellenic Greece, located in the western pelopneso, where the Olympics were held. comprised of an Era sacred grove, the altilis, which were the main religious monuments such as temples of Zeus and Heros. altilis were out of the stadium, the hippodrome, the lecture and the gym. Pierre de Coubertin, French teacher, educational reformer, should his fame to having reorganized the Olympic Games. Tocquville According to the ideas advocated a selective education as the only way to create leaders for liberal democracy. He insisted that sports and physical exercise were essential role in the formation of character. In 1894, he called the Sorbonne representatives from 14 countries, with the aim of reviving the Olympic Games, two years after Athens was chosen to host the first Olympic Games of the modern era. 2. THE ORIGIN OF EDUCATION playful. "The game is for the child an end in itself, it must be for us a means to educate, where his name educational game that takes place in the increasingly maternal language pedagogy" (Girard, 1908, p 199). We know that games and competitions have always aroused interest to human beings either for sport or diversão.Um example is that between the primitive activities such as dancing, hunting, fishing and the fights were taken as a reason for survival and many times was restricted to fun and pleasure. The children participated in games of technical projects and magicians. The body and the environment, childhood and adult culture were part of one world. The games feature their own culture, the culture was education and education accounted for survival. Plato (427-348) one of the greatest thinkers argues that the early years of the child should be filled with educational games practiced in common by both sexes, under surveillance gardens and children and that education itself should begin at age seven. Plato gave the sport so widespread at the time, value education, moral, putting on an equal footing with the intellectual culture and in close cooperation with it in training character and personality. So if you invested against the competitive spirit of the games that often used in an institutional state, causing damage to the formation of children and young people. Plato also introduced a quite different mathematical practice fun, emphasized today. He applied exercises calculations related to specific problems, from life and business and said: "all children should study mathematics, at least the elementary levels, introducing from the beginning, in the form of attractive game." "Plato, not problems that would have only elementary calculus applications; wanted reach a higher level of abstraction. " Even among the Egyptians, Romans and the Mayans, the games served as a means to the younger generation learn from the older values and knowledge as well standards and patterns of social life. With the rise of Christianity, the games were losing their value because they were considered profane and immoral without any significance. From the sixteenth century, humanists began to realize the educational value of games, and the Jesuit colleges were the first to reattach them into practice. Gradually, the good people and lovers of order less radical formed an opinion about the games. Philippe Aries, a researcher at the child's social life and family, said with regard to games, "the priests understood from the outset that no was neither possible nor desirable to suppress them or make them dependent on permissions poor and shameful, in contrast, proposed to assimilate them and introduce them into their programs and officially regulated and control them, so disciplined games, recognized as good, were admitted, recommended and thereafter regarded as a means of education such as the estimable studies. A new feeling came to education adopted the games that were outcast and then tolerated as a lesser evil. The Jesuits in Latin edited treaty that provided rules of gymnastics gymnastic games which provided rules of the games and have recommended to be applied in schools dance, comedy, gambling, transformed into educational practices for learning the spelling and grammar " . Other theories, precursors of the new active methods of education have given importance to play in raising the child proclaims Rabelais in the sixteenth century, "Teach them to love reading and drawings, and even playing cards and chips are used to the teaching of geometry and arithmetic. " Montaigne (1533-1592) was leaving for the field of observation, the child acquires curiosity for all things like a building, a bridge, a man, a place or a landscape Carlo Great or Caesar. Comenius (1592-1671) summed up his method in three basic ideas that were new foundations of teaching naturally, institution and act activity, this natural method, you obeyed the laws of child development, brings with it quickly, easily and awareness learning. Pestalozzi (1746-1827) thanks to the spirit of observation on the progress of the psychological development of students and the exile or failure of pedagogical techniques used, opened a new direction for modern education. He said the school is a true society, the game is a decisive factor that enhances the sense of responsibility and strengthen the norms of cooperation. Froebel (1782-1852) disciple of Pestalozzi, states that the pedagogy should consider the child as creative activity the awakening by stimuli, their own schools to create productive, as Frobel was actually strengthen the playing methods in education a great teacher makes the game an art, a wonderful tool to promote education for children. The best way to lead the child to the activity, self-expression and socialization would be through the games. This theory actually determined the game as decisive factors in education for children. Froebel regarded Children's education indispensable for the formation of the child and the idea was accepted by many educational theorists who came after him, the goal of activities in gardens childhood was to enable creative play activities and school supplies were given in advance to provide maximum and take advantage of educational play activity Froebel drew the circle, spheres, cubes and other objects that were designed to stimulate learning. They were made of soft material and often manipulated with some removable. The games were accompanied by music, poetry and dance; objects created by froelbel were called gifts, or gifts and there were rules for using them that need to be mastered to ensure the open so that the class interact with the environment all play involving the gifts began with people forming circles moving singing as well could achieve perfect unity. For Froebel, it was important to accustom the children to crafts, the activity of the senses and arouse the body the germ of the second work that the educator German would be an imitation of the creation of the universe by God For Piaget, the games become more significant as the child develops, for free from the manipulation of various materials, it is to reconstruct objects, reinventing things, which have requires a more complete adaptation. This adaptation, which will be held for children, is a synthesis of progressive assimilation to accommodation. That is why, by the internal evolution, children's games become gradually adapted to buildings, demanding ever more affective labor, the point of an elementary classes in acting school, all spontaneous transitions occur between the game and work. Concludes, "that in the education of children who require the child to provide a suitable material, so that playing come to assimilate the intellectual realities that remain outside without that childhood intelligence." For him, the man being the subject of his own history, all educational activities should promote their individual relationship with the world through critical consciousness, liberation and its concrete action in order to transform it. Thus no one tossed an activity eminently serious, painful, Manufacturing (vision of a happy future reality) if not, at present, the real joy, or a minimum of pleasure, satisfaction and willingness to do so. The action of seeking and appropriating knowledge requires students to transform effort, participation, inquiry, creation, reflection, socializing with pleasure, relations which constitute the essence of psychological education playful, which opposes the political conception naive, passivity, the spontaneity , the playfulness, the sale, submission, dominant determinants of pedagogy and neutralizing. ludic education was present in all ages, peoples, researchers from numerous contexts, forming today, a vast network of knowledge not only in the field of education, psychology, physiology, as in other areas of knowledge. ludic education integrates theory and practice deep acting. Your goals, and explain the multiple relationships of human beings in their historical context, social, cultural, psychological, emphasize the release of personal relationships, passive techniques for reflexive relations creative, intelligent, socializing, making the act of educating a conscious commitment intentional effort without losing the character of individual pleasure and satisfaction and modifier of society. According to Makarenko, "the game is so important in a child's life work as well for the adult" hence the fact that education is the future citizen develop first of all in the game, you can not make a work of education without proposing an order, an order is clear, well defined, a knowledge of the kind of man you want formar.E this sense that the pedagogical model has a direct relationship with the lived present. The community child absolutely refuses to live a life preparation. She wants a real-life phenomenon, now the child is present and a real joy not promised for later rewards in the short term without opposition next. It is necessary to affirm the joy of the satisfactions personal, based on the individual joy, until the joy of the whole community in a much longer-term future of the nation as a serious object and happy. The action to seek, to appropriate knowledge, require students to turn efforts, participation, inquiry, creation and reflection, socializing with happy relationships that constitute the psychological essence of education play, your goal, and explain the multiple relationships human being in its historical, social, cultural and psychological. Emphasize the passive release of personal relationships, techniques for reflexive relations, creative, intelligent, socializing the act of making a conscious commitment to educate intentional effort, without losing the character of pleasure of individual satisfaction and modifier of society. The playful 2.1 FORMATION OF THE EDUCATOR. The games and toys, while being a living part of humanity. 'games and toys, while being an ever present in humanity since its inception, also did not have the connotation it has today were seen as futile and had as its object the distraction, the playground " of Santa Marli Pires org.p.19.2004 We know that the word leisure comes from Latin and means ludus play and this play is that it includes games, toys and games and amusements that if used correctly and by inductive educator can perform the function of education and opportunity to the student's learning, their knowledge, their knowledge develops its understanding of the world, regardless of age, culture and social class . The teacher who is always seeking to improve their knowledge and know that the games played are part of a child's life because they live in a world of fantasy, wonder, joy and dreams where reality and pretend to confuse the game is the genesis of thought, of self-discovery, the possibility to experiment, create and transform the world today as there are vast and extensive means and sources of information that can update and guide the student, so that it may be entering with the child in the real world of imagination. We can not but remember that the child is always asking: ''Professor, let's play? And we ask:''Why not teach you kidding?'' Issues such as these is present in day-to-day educator and numerous times in the care and causes us to let us in this adventure to experience what is still new for us. Even if we are to do so little space as possible in teaching curricula, therefore it is then all educators launch hands of a very important issue which we may be working interdisciplinary topics like sexuality, environment, citizenship and so on. For we mean education found that there are numerous challenges to be faced in this area may show results even if the long term, but positive. We want to make clear that it is vitally important that we all understand that educating teachers is not limited to transfer information, which matches not only to be played, games to be played, but yes discover, believe and accept that every game, toy or game has values and goals that should be discussed, analyzed and put into practice by offering several tools that the student can choose between many paths, one that is compatible with its potential of longing, and world view, because the play is a necessity of human beings at any age and can not in any way be seen as just entertainment, but as personal development, social and cultural, which collaborates on fundamental part to better prepare mental health and social facilitating the processes of communication, expression and construction of knowledge. The question is always replaced and knowledge, despite the theoretical reflections about the educational process there is much to review and if we make a parallel between traditional education and one that makes use of play in the formation of the educator and the student will always be missing in traditional the last piece of the puzzle, because the teachers' education involving the play rests on the assumption that value creativity, cultivated sensitivity, seeking warmth, nourishment of the soul, providing future students play experiences, body experiences that make use of action, thought and language, both its source in the game proactive. If you come by this sense, the training of educators, we believe in quality would be present in their support were the three pillars of education: the classroom.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)